{"id":241,"date":"2012-04-24T16:51:55","date_gmt":"2012-04-24T16:51:55","guid":{"rendered":"f340f1b1f65b6df5b5e3f94d95b11daf"},"modified":"2012-04-24T16:51:55","modified_gmt":"2012-04-24T16:51:55","slug":"","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/archives\/241","title":{"rendered":"OpenSSL Command"},"content":{"rendered":"

NAME<\/span><\/strong>
\n       ca - sample minimal CA application<\/p>\n

SYNOPSIS<\/span><\/b>
\n       openssl<\/span><\/b> ca<\/span><\/b> [-verbose<\/span><\/b>] [-config<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>] [-name<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>] [-gencrl<\/span><\/b>] [-revoke<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-crl_reason<\/span><\/b> reason<\/span><\/b>]
\n       [-crl_hold<\/span><\/b> instruction<\/span><\/b>] [-crl_compromise<\/span><\/b> time<\/span><\/b>] [-crl_CA_compromise<\/span><\/b> time<\/span><\/b>] [-subj<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-crldays<\/span><\/b> days<\/span><\/b>] [-crl-<\/span><\/b>
\n       hours<\/span><\/b> hours<\/span><\/b>] [-crlexts<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>] [-startdate<\/span><\/b> date<\/span><\/b>] [-enddate<\/span><\/b> date<\/span><\/b>] [-days<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-md<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-policy<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-key-<\/span><\/b>
\n       file<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-key<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-passin<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>] [-cert<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-in<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-out<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-notext<\/span><\/b>] [-outdir<\/span><\/b> dir<\/span><\/b>] [-infiles<\/span><\/b>]
\n       [-spkac<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-ss_cert<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>] [-preserveDN<\/span><\/b>] [-noemailDN<\/span><\/b>] [-batch<\/span><\/b>] [-msie_hack<\/span><\/b>] [-extensions<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>] [-extfile<\/span><\/b>
\n       section<\/span><\/b>] [-engine<\/span><\/b> id<\/span><\/b>]<\/p>\n

DESCRIPTION<\/span><\/b>
\n       The ca<\/span><\/b> command is a minimal CA application. It can be used to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms
\n       and generate CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates and their status.<\/p>\n

       The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.<\/p>\n

CA<\/span><\/b> OPTIONS<\/span><\/b>
\n       -config<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           specifies the configuration file to use.<\/p>\n

       -name<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>
\n           specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides default_ca<\/span><\/b> in the ca<\/span><\/b> section).<\/p>\n

       -in<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           an input filename containing a single certificate request to be signed by the CA.<\/p>\n

       -ss_cert<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           a single self signed certificate to be signed by the CA.<\/p>\n

       -spkac<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           a file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge and additional field values to be
\n           signed by the CA. See the SPKAC<\/span><\/b> FORMAT<\/span><\/b> section for information on the required format.<\/p>\n

       -infiles<\/span><\/b>
\n           if present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments are assumed to the the names of files
\n           containing certificate requests.<\/p>\n

       -out<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           the output file to output certificates to. The default is standard output. The certificate details will
\n           also be printed out to this file.<\/p>\n

       -outdir<\/span><\/b> directory<\/span><\/b>
\n           the directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be written to a filename consisting of the
\n           serial number in hex with \".pem\" appended.<\/p>\n

       -cert<\/span><\/b>
\n           the CA certificate file.<\/p>\n

       -keyfile<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           the private key to sign requests with.<\/p>\n

       -key<\/span><\/b> password<\/span><\/b>
\n           the password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some systems the command line arguments are visible
\n           (e.g. Unix with the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution.<\/p>\n

       -passin<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>
\n           the key password source. For more information about the format of arg<\/span><\/b> see the PASS<\/span><\/b> PHRASE<\/span><\/b> ARGUMENTS<\/span><\/b> sec-
\n           tion in openssl(1)<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n

       -verbose<\/span><\/b>
\n           this prints extra details about the operations being performed.<\/p>\n

       -notext<\/span><\/b>
\n           don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.<\/p>\n

       -startdate<\/span><\/b> date<\/span><\/b>
\n           this allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an
\n           ASN1 UTCTime structure).<\/p>\n

       -enddate<\/span><\/b> date<\/span><\/b>
\n           this allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the date is YYMMDDHHMMSSZ (the same as an
\n           ASN1 UTCTime structure).<\/p>\n

       -days<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>
\n           the number of days to certify the certificate for.<\/p>\n

       -md<\/span><\/b> alg<\/span><\/b>
\n           the message digest to use. Possible values include md5, sha1 and mdc2.  This option also applies to CRLs.<\/p>\n

       -policy<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>
\n           this option defines the CA \"policy\" to use. This is a section in the configuration file which decides
\n           which fields should be mandatory or match the CA certificate. Check out the POLICY<\/span><\/b> FORMAT<\/span><\/b> section for more
\n           information.<\/p>\n

       -msie_hack<\/span><\/b>
\n           this is a legacy option to make ca<\/span><\/b> work with very old versions of the IE certificate enrollment control
\n           \"certenr3\". It used UniversalStrings for almost everything. Since the old control has various security
\n           bugs its use is strongly discouraged. The newer control \"Xenroll\" does not need this option.<\/p>\n

       -preserveDN<\/span><\/b>
\n           Normally the DN order of a certificate is the same as the order of the fields in the relevant policy sec-
\n           tion. When this option is set the order is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with
\n           the older IE enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their DNs match the order of the
\n           request. This is not needed for Xenroll.<\/p>\n

       -noemailDN<\/span><\/b>
\n           The DN of a certificate can contain the EMAIL field if present in the request DN, however it is good pol-
\n           icy just having the e-mail set into the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the
\n           EMAIL field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in the, eventually present, extensions.
\n           The email_in_dn<\/span><\/b> keyword can be used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.<\/p>\n

       -batch<\/span><\/b>
\n           this sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked and all certificates will be certified
\n           automatically.<\/p>\n

       -extensions<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>
\n           the section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions to be added when a certificate is
\n           issued (defaults to x509_extensions<\/span><\/b> unless the -extfile<\/span><\/b> option is used). If no extension section is
\n           present then, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section is present (even if it is empty), then
\n           a V3 certificate is created.<\/p>\n

       -extfile<\/span><\/b> file<\/span><\/b>
\n           an additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from (using the default section unless the
\n           -extensions<\/span><\/b> option is also used).<\/p>\n

       -engine<\/span><\/b> id<\/span><\/b>
\n           specifying an engine (by it's unique id<\/span><\/b> string) will cause req<\/span><\/b> to attempt to obtain a functional reference
\n           to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for
\n           all available algorithms.<\/p>\n

CRL<\/span><\/b> OPTIONS<\/span><\/b>
\n       -gencrl<\/span><\/b>
\n           this option generates a CRL based on information in the index file.<\/p>\n

       -crldays<\/span><\/b> num<\/span><\/b>
\n           the number of days before the next CRL is due. That is the days from now to place in the CRL nextUpdate
\n           field.<\/p>\n

       -crlhours<\/span><\/b> num<\/span><\/b>
\n           the number of hours before the next CRL is due.<\/p>\n

       -revoke<\/span><\/b> filename<\/span><\/b>
\n           a filename containing a certificate to revoke.<\/p>\n

       -crl_reason<\/span><\/b> reason<\/span><\/b>
\n           revocation reason, where reason<\/span><\/b> is one of: unspecified<\/span><\/b>, keyCompromise<\/span><\/b>, CACompromise<\/span><\/b>, affiliationChanged<\/span><\/b>,
\n           superseded<\/span><\/b>, cessationOfOperation<\/span><\/b>, certificateHold<\/span><\/b> or removeFromCRL<\/span><\/b>. The matching of reason<\/span><\/b> is case insen-
\n           sitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the CRL v2.<\/p>\n

           In practive removeFromCRL<\/span><\/b> is not particularly useful because it is only used in delta CRLs which are not
\n           currently implemented.<\/p>\n

       -crl_hold<\/span><\/b> instruction<\/span><\/b>
\n           This sets the CRL revocation reason code to certificateHold<\/span><\/b> and the hold instruction to instruction<\/span><\/b> which
\n           must be an OID. Although any OID can be used only holdInstructionNone<\/span><\/b> (the use of which is discouraged by
\n           RFC2459) holdInstructionCallIssuer<\/span><\/b> or holdInstructionReject<\/span><\/b> will normally be used.<\/p>\n

       -crl_compromise<\/span><\/b> time<\/span><\/b>
\n           This sets the revocation reason to keyCompromise<\/span><\/b> and the compromise time to time<\/span><\/b>. time<\/span><\/b> should be in Gener-
\n           alizedTime format that is YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n

       -crl_CA_compromise<\/span><\/b> time<\/span><\/b>
\n           This is the same as crl_compromise<\/span><\/b> except the revocation reason is set to CACompromise<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n

       -subj<\/span><\/b> arg<\/span><\/b>
\n           supersedes subject name given in the request.  The arg must be formatted as
\n           \/type0=value0\/type1=value1\/type2=...<\/span><\/u>, characters may be escaped by \\ (backslash), no spaces are skipped.<\/p>\n

       -crlexts<\/span><\/b> section<\/span><\/b>
\n           the section of the configuration file containing CRL extensions to include. If no CRL extension section is
\n           present then a V1 CRL is created, if the CRL extension section is present (even if it is empty) then a V2
\n           CRL is created. The CRL extensions specified are CRL extensions and not<\/span><\/b> CRL entry extensions.  It should
\n           be noted that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs.<\/p>\n

CONFIGURATION<\/span><\/b> FILE<\/span><\/b> OPTIONS<\/span><\/b>
\n       The section of the configuration file containing options for ca<\/span><\/b> is found as follows: If the -name<\/span><\/b> command line
\n       option is used, then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to be used must be named in the
\n       default_ca<\/span><\/b> option of the ca<\/span><\/b> section of the configuration file (or in the default section of the configuration
\n       file). Besides default_ca<\/span><\/b>, the following options are read directly from the ca<\/span><\/b> section:
\n        RANDFILE
\n        preserve
\n        msie_hack With the exception of RANDFILE<\/span><\/b>, this is probably a bug and may change in future releases. Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line options. Where the option is present in the configuration file and the command line the command line value is used. Where an option is described as mandatory then it must be present in the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if any) used. oid_file<\/span><\/b>
\n           This specifies a file containing additional OBJECT<\/span><\/b> IDENTIFIERS<\/span><\/b>.  Each line of the file should consist of
\n           the numerical form of the object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed by white
\n           space and finally the long name.<\/p>\n

       oid_section<\/span><\/b>
\n           This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should
\n           consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by =<\/span><\/b> and the numerical form. The short and
\n           long names are the same when this option is used.<\/p>\n

       new_certs_dir<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -outdir<\/span><\/b> command line option. It specifies the directory where new certificates will be
\n           placed. Mandatory.<\/p>\n

       certificate<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -cert<\/span><\/b>. It gives the file containing the CA certificate. Mandatory.<\/p>\n

       private_key<\/span><\/b>
\n           same as the -keyfile<\/span><\/b> option. The file containing the CA private key. Mandatory.<\/p>\n

       RANDFILE<\/span><\/b>
\n           a file used to read and write random number seed information, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)<\/span><\/a>).<\/p>\n

       default_days<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -days<\/span><\/b> option. The number of days to certify a certificate for.<\/p>\n

       default_startdate<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -startdate<\/span><\/b> option. The start date to certify a certificate for. If not set the current
\n           time is used.<\/p>\n

       default_enddate<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -enddate<\/span><\/b> option. Either this option or default_days<\/span><\/b> (or the command line equivalents) must
\n           be present.<\/p>\n

       default_crl_hours<\/span><\/b> default_crl_days<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -crlhours<\/span><\/b> and the -crldays<\/span><\/b> options. These will only be used if neither command line option
\n           is present. At least one of these must be present to generate a CRL.<\/p>\n

       default_md<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as the -md<\/span><\/b> option. The message digest to use. Mandatory.<\/p>\n

       database<\/span><\/b>
\n           the text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present though initially it will be empty.<\/p>\n

       serialfile<\/span><\/b>
\n           a text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.  This file must be present and
\n           contain a valid serial number.<\/p>\n

       x509_extensions<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -extensions<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n

       crl_extensions<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -crlexts<\/span><\/b>.<\/p>\n

       preserve<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -preserveDN<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

       email_in_dn<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -noemailDN<\/span><\/b>. If you want the EMAIL field to be removed from the DN of the certificate simply
\n           set this to 'no'. If not present the default is to allow for the EMAIL filed in the certificate's DN.<\/p>\n

       msie_hack<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -msie_hack<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

       policy<\/span><\/b>
\n           the same as -policy<\/span><\/b>. Mandatory. See the POLICY<\/span><\/b> FORMAT<\/span><\/b> section for more information.<\/p>\n

       nameopt<\/span><\/b>, certopt<\/span><\/b>
\n           these options allow the format used to display the certificate details when asking the user to confirm
\n           signing. All the options supported by the x509<\/span><\/b> utilities -nameopt<\/span><\/b> and -certopt<\/span><\/b> switches can be used here,
\n           except the no_signame<\/span><\/b> and no_sigdump<\/span><\/b> are permanently set and cannot be disabled (this is because the cer-
\n           tificate signature cannot be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).<\/p>\n

           For convenience the values default_ca<\/span><\/b> are accepted by both to produce a reasonable output.<\/p>\n

           If neither option is present the format used in earlier versions of OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format
\n           is strongly<\/span><\/b> discouraged because it only displays fields mentioned in the policy<\/span><\/b> section, mishandles multi-
\n           character string types and does not display extensions.<\/p>\n

       copy_extensions<\/span><\/b>
\n           determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled.  If set to none<\/span><\/b> or this option is not
\n           present then extensions are ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to copy<\/span><\/b> then any extensions
\n           present in the request that are not already present are copied to the certificate. If set to copyall<\/span><\/b> then
\n           all extensions in the request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present in the
\n           certificate it is deleted first. See the WARNINGS<\/span><\/b> section before using this option.<\/p>\n

           The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply values for certain extensions such
\n           as subjectAltName.<\/p>\n

POLICY<\/span><\/b> FORMAT<\/span><\/b>
\n       The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to certificate DN fields. If the value is
\n       \"match\" then the field value must match the same field in the CA certificate. If the value is \"supplied\" then
\n       it must be present. If the value is \"optional\" then it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy
\n       section are silently deleted, unless the -preserveDN<\/span><\/b> option is set but this can be regarded more of a quirk
\n       than intended behaviour.<\/p>\n

SPKAC<\/span><\/b> FORMAT<\/span><\/b>
\n       The input to the -spkac<\/span><\/b> command line option is a Netscape signed public key and challenge. This will usually
\n       come from the KEYGEN<\/span><\/b> tag in an HTML form to create a new private key.  It is however possible to create SPKACs
\n       using the spkac<\/span><\/b> utility.<\/p>\n

       The file should contain the variable SPKAC set to the value of the SPKAC and also the required DN components
\n       as name value pairs.  If you need to include the same component twice then it can be preceded by a number and
\n       a '.'.<\/p>\n

EXAMPLES<\/span><\/b>
\n       Note: these examples assume that the ca<\/span><\/b> directory structure is already set up and the relevant files already
\n       exist. This usually involves creating a CA certificate and private key with req<\/span><\/b>, a serial number file and an
\n       empty index file and placing them in the relevant directories.<\/p>\n

       To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA, demoCA\/private and demoCA\/newcerts would be
\n       created. The CA certificate would be copied to demoCA\/cacert.pem and its private key to demoCA\/pri-
\n       vate\/cakey.pem. A file demoCA\/serial would be created containing for example \"01\" and the empty index file
\n       demoCA\/index.txt.<\/p>\n

       Sign a certificate request:<\/p>\n

        openssl ca -in req.pem -out newcert.pem<\/p>\n

       Sign a certificate request, using CA extensions:<\/p>\n

        openssl ca -in req.pem -extensions v3_ca -out newcert.pem<\/p>\n

       Generate a CRL<\/p>\n

        openssl ca -gencrl -out crl.pem<\/p>\n

       Sign several requests:<\/p>\n

        openssl ca -infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem<\/p>\n

       Certify a Netscape SPKAC:<\/p>\n

        openssl ca -spkac spkac.txt<\/p>\n

       A sample SPKAC file (the SPKAC line has been truncated for clarity):<\/p>\n

        SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV\/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
\n        CN=Steve Test
\n        emailAddress=steve<\/span> AT <\/span><\/u>openssl.org<\/span><\/a>
\n        0.OU=OpenSSL Group
\n        1.OU=Another Group<\/p>\n

       A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for ca<\/span><\/b>:<\/p>\n

        [ ca ]
\n        default_ca      = CA_default            # The default ca section<\/p>\n

        [ CA_default ]<\/p>\n

        dir            = .\/demoCA              # top dir
\n        database       = $dir\/index.txt        # index file.
\n        new_certs_dir  = $dir\/newcerts         # new certs dir<\/p>\n

        certificate    = $dir\/cacert.pem       # The CA cert
\n        serial         = $dir\/serial           # serial no file
\n        private_key    = $dir\/private\/cakey.pem# CA private key
\n        RANDFILE       = $dir\/private\/.rand    # random number file<\/p>\n

        default_days   = 365                   # how long to certify for
\n        default_crl_days= 30                   # how long before next CRL
\n        default_md     = md5                   # md to use<\/p>\n

        policy         = policy_any            # default policy
\n        email_in_dn    = no                    # Don't add the email into cert DN<\/p>\n

        nameopt        = default_ca            # Subject name display option
\n        certopt        = default_ca            # Certificate display option
\n        copy_extensions = none                 # Don't copy extensions from request<\/p>\n

        [ policy_any ]
\n        countryName            = supplied
\n        stateOrProvinceName    = optional
\n        organizationName       = optional
\n        organizationalUnitName = optional
\n        commonName             = supplied
\n        emailAddress           = optional<\/p>\n

FILES<\/span><\/b>
\n       Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options, configuration file entries, envi-
\n       ronment variables or command line options.  The values below reflect the default values.<\/p>\n

        \/usr\/local\/ssl\/lib\/openssl.cnf - master configuration file
\n        .\/demoCA                       - main CA directory
\n        .\/demoCA\/cacert.pem            - CA certificate
\n        .\/demoCA\/private\/cakey.pem     - CA private key
\n        .\/demoCA\/serial                - CA serial number file
\n        .\/demoCA\/serial.old            - CA serial number backup file
\n        .\/demoCA\/index.txt             - CA text database file
\n        .\/demoCA\/index.txt.old         - CA text database backup file
\n        .\/demoCA\/certs                 - certificate output file
\n        .\/demoCA\/.rnd                  - CA random seed information<\/p>\n

ENVIRONMENT<\/span><\/b> VARIABLES<\/span><\/b>
\n       OPENSSL_CONF<\/span><\/b> reflects the location of master configuration file it can be overridden by the -config<\/span><\/b> command
\n       line option.<\/p>\n

RESTRICTIONS<\/span><\/b>
\n       The text database index file is a critical part of the process and if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It
\n       is theoretically possible to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current CRL: how-
\n       ever there is no option to do this.<\/p>\n

       V2 CRL features like delta CRL support and CRL numbers are not currently supported.<\/p>\n

       Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only possible to include one SPKAC or self
\n       signed certificate.<\/p>\n

BUGS<\/span><\/b>
\n       The use of an in memory text database can cause problems when large numbers of certificates are present
\n       because, as the name implies the database has to be kept in memory.<\/p>\n

       It is not possible to certify two certificates with the same DN: this is a side effect of how the text
\n       database is indexed and it cannot easily be fixed without introducing other problems. Some S\/MIME clients can
\n       use two certificates with the same DN for separate signing and encryption keys.<\/p>\n

       The ca<\/span><\/b> command really needs rewriting or the required functionality exposed at either a command or interface
\n       level so a more friendly utility (perl script or GUI) can handle things properly. The scripts CA.sh<\/span><\/b> and CA.pl<\/span><\/b>
\n       help a little but not very much.<\/p>\n

       Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently deleted. This does not happen if the
\n       -preserveDN<\/span><\/b> option is used. To enforce the absence of the EMAIL field within the DN, as suggested by RFCs,
\n       regardless the contents of the request' subject the -noemailDN<\/span><\/b> option can be used. The behaviour should be
\n       more friendly and configurable.<\/p>\n

       Cancelling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can create an empty file.<\/p>\n

WARNINGS<\/span><\/b>
\n       The ca<\/span><\/b> command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.<\/p>\n

       The ca<\/span><\/b> utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things in a CA. It was not supposed to be used
\n       as a full blown CA itself: nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.<\/p>\n

       The ca<\/span><\/b> command is effectively a single user command: no locking is done on the various files and attempts to
\n       run more than one ca<\/span><\/b> command on the same database can have unpredictable results.<\/p>\n

       The copy_extensions<\/span><\/b> option should be used with caution. If care is not taken then it can be a security risk.
\n       For example if a certificate request contains a basicConstraints extension with CA:TRUE and the copy_exten-<\/span><\/b>
\n       sions<\/span><\/b> value is set to copyall<\/span><\/b> and the user does not spot this when the certificate is displayed then this will
\n       hand the requestor a valid CA certificate.<\/p>\n

       This situation can be avoided by setting copy_extensions<\/span><\/b> to copy<\/span><\/b> and including basicConstraints with CA:FALSE
\n       in the configuration file.  Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be ignored.<\/p>\n

       It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such as keyUsage<\/span><\/b> to prevent a request supplying
\n       its own values.<\/p>\n

       Additional restrictions can be placed on the CA certificate itself.  For example if the CA certificate has:<\/p>\n

        basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0<\/p>\n

       then even if a certificate is issued with CA:TRUE it will not be valid.<\/p>\n

SEE<\/span><\/b> ALSO<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NAME<\/span><\/strong>
\n       ca - sample minimal CA application<\/p>\n

SYNOPSIS<\/span><\/b>
\n       openssl<\/span><\/b>ca<\/span><\/b> [-verbose<\/span><\/b>] [-config<\/span><\/b>filename<\/span><\/b>] [-name<\/span><\/b>section<\/span><\/b>] [-gencrl<\/span><\/b>] [-revoke<\/span><\/b>file<\/span><\/b>] [-crl_reason<\/span><\/b>reason<\/span><\/b>]
\n       [-crl_hold<\/span><\/b>instruction<\/span><\/b>] [-crl_compromise<\/span><\/b>t...<\/span><\/b> \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[273],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=241"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/241\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.xiaobo.li\/notes\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}